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1.
J. vasc. bras ; 19: e20190129, 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1135122

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury contributes to morbidity after revascularization procedures. Along with early reperfusion, tissue conditioning by alternating intervals of brief ischemia-reperfusion episodes is considered the best approach to limit tissue damage. Remote ischemic conditioning is conducted remotely, in tissues other than those under ischemia. Despite this, remote ischemic conditioning protection mechanisms are poorly understood, which can lead to misapplication. Objectives To assess whether remote ischemic conditioning works in the heart and brain through enhancement of cells' antioxidant defenses and whether the response is sustained or temporary. Methods Twenty-one male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups (n = 7): SHAM: same procedure as the other groups, but no remote ischemic conditioning was carried out. RIC 10: heart and brain were harvested 10 minutes after the remote ischemic conditioning protocol. RIC 60: heart and brain were harvested 60 minutes after the remote ischemic conditioning protocol. The remote ischemic conditioning protocol consisted of 3 cycles of 5 min left hindlimb ischemia followed by 5 min left hindlimb perfusion, lasting 30 min in total. Heart and brain samples were used to measure the tissue antioxidant capacity. Results Remote ischemic conditioning increased heart and brain antioxidant capacity after 10 minutes (0.746 ± 0.160/0.801 ± 0.227 mM/L) when compared to SHAM (0.523 ± 0.078/0.404 ± 0.124 mM/L). No enhancement of heart or brain antioxidant capacity was detected 60 minutes after remote ischemic conditioning (0.551 ± 0.073/0.455 ± 0.107 mM/L). Conclusions Remote ischemic conditioning temporarily enhances heart and brain antioxidant defenses in male Wistar rats.


Resumo Contexto A lesão de isquemia e reperfusão contribui para a morbidade após procedimentos de revascularização. Juntamente com a reperfusão precoce, o condicionamento tecidual através de breves episódios de isquemia e reperfusão é considerado a melhor abordagem para limitar o dano tecidual. Apesar disso, os mecanismos do condicionamento isquêmico remoto são pouco compreendidos, o que pode levar a uma aplicação incorreta. Objetivos Avaliar se o condicionamento isquêmico remoto funciona no coração e no cérebro através do aprimoramento da defesa antioxidante das células e se é uma resposta sustentada ou temporária. Métodos Vinte e um ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos (n = 7): SHAM, no qual não foi realizado condicionamento isquêmico; RIC 10, no qual 10 minutos após o protocolo de condicionamento isquêmico, foi realizada a coleta dos órgãos; e RIC 60, no qual 60 minutos após o protocolo de condicionamento isquêmico, foi realizada a coleta dos órgãos. O protocolo de condicionamento isquêmico remoto consistiu em três ciclos de 5 minutos de isquemia, seguidos de 5 minutos de perfusão no membro posterior esquerdo, com duração total de 30 minutos. Amostras foram usadas para medir a capacidade antioxidante do tecido. Resultados O condicionamento isquêmico remoto aumentou a capacidade antioxidante do coração e do cérebro após 10 minutos (0,746 ± 0,160/0,801 ± 0,227 mM/L) quando comparado ao SHAM (0,523 ± 0,078/0,404 ± 0,124 mM/L) . Sessenta minutos após o condicionamento isquêmico remoto, não foi detectado aumento da capacidade antioxidante do coração ou do cérebro (0,551 ± 0,073/0,455 ± 0,107 mM/L). Conclusões O condicionamento isquêmico remoto melhora temporariamente as defesas antioxidantes do coração e do cérebro em ratos Wistar.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Ischemic Preconditioning , Coronary Vessels , Cerebrum/blood supply , Reperfusion , Rats, Wistar , Protective Factors , Antioxidants
2.
J. vasc. bras ; 19: e20190027, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1091015

ABSTRACT

Resumo Contexto A espectroscopia próxima ao infravermelho (NIRS) é uma técnica não invasiva que detecta as alterações hemodinâmicas teciduais. A NIRS pode monitorar de forma contínua as informações fisiológicas vasculares intracranianas. Por ser portátil, ela pode ser utilizada à beira do leito e no centro cirúrgico. Objetivos Avaliar as possíveis alterações hemodinâmicas cerebrais durante a endarterectomia em pacientes com estenoses maiores que 70% utilizando NIRS. Métodos Foram avaliados 10 voluntários portadores de doença carotídea aterosclerótica com indicação de endarterectomia. Após a seleção dos pacientes, que responderam um questionário com dados epidemiológicos e informações referentes à presença de comorbidades, a doença foi confirmada por métodos diagnósticos. No procedimento cirúrgico, utilizou-se a NIRS para monitorização. Foram avaliadas as variáveis saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), hemoglobina total (HbT), hemoglobina reduzida (HbR) e hemoglobina oxigenada (HbO) nos três tempos cirúrgicos pré-, trans e pós-clampeamento carotídeo. Utilizou-se p < 0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados A avaliação dos resultados obtidos por meio das medidas registradas pela NIRS permite afirmar que HbR e SatO2 variam ao longo das etapas da cirurgia. Durante o clampeamento, a variável HbR mostra valores mais elevados que nas outras duas etapas da cirurgia. Por outro lado, a variável SatO2 mostra redução durante o clampeamento. Conclusões A NIRS é um método viável e aplicável de monitorização intracerebral, não invasivo e em tempo real, durante a endarterectomia carotídea, capaz de medir de forma precisa as mudanças das condições hemodinâmicas capilares intracerebrais.


Abstract Backgrounds Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is non-invasive technique that detects hemodynamic alterations in tissues. It enables continuous monitoring of intracerebral vascular physiologic information. Due to its portable nature, NIRS may be used bedside or in the operating room. Objectives To evaluate use of NIRS for intraoperative monitoring of the brain hemodynamic response, during carotid endarterectomy. Methods 10 patients with atherosclerotic carotid disease scheduled for endarterectomy were evaluated. After patients had been selected, they answered a questionnaire on epidemiological data and information about comorbidities and then carotid disease was confirmed with diagnostic methods. NRIS monitoring was used during the surgical procedure. The variables analyzed before, during and after carotid clamping were oxygen saturation (SatO2), total hemoglobin (THb), reduced hemoglobin (RHb), and oxyhemoglobin (OHb). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The results obtained from NIRS show that RHb and SatO2 vary during the different stages of surgery. RHb levels are higher during clamping, when compared with the other two surgical stages. On the other hand, SatO2 is lower during clamping. Conclusions During carotid endarterectomy, NIRS is a feasible, real-time, and non-invasive intracranial monitoring method that accurately and reliably measures the changes in intracerebral capillary hemodynamic conditions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Monitoring, Intraoperative/instrumentation , Endarterectomy, Carotid/instrumentation , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods , Carotid Artery Diseases/surgery , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Cerebrum/blood supply , Hemodynamic Monitoring/instrumentation , Intraoperative Period
3.
Femina ; 44(4): 224-232, dez. 30, 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1050869

ABSTRACT

Ocrescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) é uma inibição patológica do crescimento fetal, acometendo 5-10% das gestações e está associado ao aumento da morbimortalidade perinatal. Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão não sistemática sobre os eventos adversos perinatais dos fetos com CIUR tardio e alteração seletiva do Doppler da artéria cerebral média (ACM). A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada através da base de dados do PubMed, obtendo um total de 25 referências, que serviram de base para o presente artigo. Conclui-se que a artéria cerebral média possui valor particular na identificação e predição de resultados adversos nestes fetos, os quais possuem risco aumentado de desenvolvimento neurológico anormal ao nascimento e aos dois anos de idade.(AU)


Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pathological inhibition of the fetal growth that affects 5-10% of pregnancies and it is associated with an increase of perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aims to conduct a non-systematic review of perinatal adverse events of fetuses with late-onset IUGR and selective changes in middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler. A literature search was performed using the PubMed database. A total of 25 references, which were the basis for this article was obtained. It concludes the middle cerebral artery has a particular value in the identification and prediction of adverse outcomes in these fetuses, which has an increased risk of abnormal neurological performance at birth and at two years of age.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial , Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging , Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology , Fetal Growth Retardation/diagnostic imaging , Placenta Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Databases, Bibliographic , Perinatal Care/methods , Fetal Development , Dilatation, Pathologic , Cerebrum/blood supply
4.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(10): 1053-1057, out. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-841992

ABSTRACT

The study of the vascularization of the cerebrum in silver fox was performed on 80 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the middle cerebral artery is the strongest vessel supplying blood to the cerebrum. The artery gets divided into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the region of the cerebrum located on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight supply the region of the new cortex. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the anterior, superior and posterior middle cerebral artery. The alterior olfactory artery in 5% of cases and posterior olfactory artery in 2.5% of cases were independent branches of the middle cerebral artery extending from the rostral cerebral artery.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cerebrum/blood supply , Foxes/anatomy & histology , Middle Cerebral Artery/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Arteries
5.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 28(4): 268-274, Oct-Dez. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644159

ABSTRACT

Thirty ostrich (Struthio camelus) brains were used, injected with latex, to describe the arteries of the brain base.The largest occurrences of the arteries were: The cerebral carotid artery (100%), the intercarotid anastomosis(100%). The caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery was, on the right (R), developed (53.3%) and vestigial(46.7%); on the left (L), developed (66.7%) and vestigial (33.3%). The ventral tectal mesencephalic artery onthe R (53.3%), on the L (66.7%), direct branch of the cerebral carotid artery on the R (43.3%), on the L (30%)and, direct branch of the basilar artery (3.3%) in both antimeres. The basilar artery was a single vessel (80%),double in (13.3%) and “in island” formation (6.7%). The caudal ventral cerebellar artery was single (96.7%),double (3.3%) on the R and, single (93.3%), double (6.7%) on the L. The dorsal spinal artery was a collateralbranch of the caudal ventral cerebellar artery on the R (96.7%), on the L (93.3%). The ventral spinal artery wasdouble (90%) and single (10%). The rostral branch of the cerebral carotid artery (100%). The caudal cerebralartery, on the R, was double (90%) and single (10%); on the L, was double (53.3%) and single (46.7%). Themiddle cerebral artery was a single vessel (100%). The cerebroethmoidal artery was single (100%). The rostralcerebral artery was single (90%), double (10%) on the R and single (96.7%), double (3.3%) on the L. Thecerebral arterial circle was rostrally open (100%) and, caudally, open (80%) and closed (20%).


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Arteries/physiology , Cerebrum/blood supply , Latex , Struthioniformes
6.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 28(2): 98-103, Apr.-June 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644145

ABSTRACT

The present study has analyzed thirty chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) brains, injected with latex, aiming tosystematize and describe the distribution and the vascularization territories of the rostral cerebral artery. Therostral cerebral artery was the terminal branch of the terminal branch, right and left, of the basilar artery,projected from the emittion of the middle cerebral artery, rostromedially, crossing dorsally the optic nerve untilit reaches the cerebral longitudinal fissure, ventrally. Its branches were distributed mostly on the paleopallium,supplying the olfactory trigone, the medial olfactory tract, the olfactory peduncle and the olfactory bulb.The branches to the neopallium vascularized the entire medial surface, except for the tenctorial part of it, thefrontal pole and a zone that was extended from the frontal to the occipital poles, medially to the vallecula,on the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere. The first collateral branch of the rostral cerebral artery wasthe medial branch, which entered into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and continued as rostral interhemisphericartery. The rostral cerebral artery continued rostrally emitting central branches and the medialand lateral arteries of the olfactory bulb, to the paleopallial region of the chinchilla brain. After the emittion ofthe medial artery of the olfactory bulb, the rostral cerebral artery continued to follow the cerebral longitudinalfissure, as internal ethmoidal artery, its terminal branch.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Arteries/physiology , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/blood supply , Cerebrum/metabolism , Arteries/metabolism , Chinchilla , Latex
7.
Rev. cuba. med ; 48(4)oct.-dic. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-733596

ABSTRACT

La muerte encefálica se basa en un diagnóstico clínico, y se acepta como sinónimo de muerte del individuo. Se llega a este estado cuando una lesión catastrófica provoca un coma irreversible, con ausencia de reflejos de tronco encefálico y apnea. La muerte encefálica se define como la pérdida irreversible de las funciones de todo el encéfalo, incluyendo los hemisferios cerebrales y el tronco encefálico. Las causas que llevan a la pérdida irreversible de las funciones del encéfalo son las mismas descritas que provocan un coma, las cuales se han agrupado en: estructurales y multifocales-metabólicas-difusas. Las causas estructurales se subdividen en compresivas y destructivas. Las lesiones compresivas causan conflictos de espacio en la cavidad intracraneana dando lugar a un aumento de la presión intracraneana y herniaciones. Las causas destructivas que llevan a la muerte encefálica afectan el diencéfalo, tronco encefálico y hemisferios cerebrales. Las etiologías multifocales-metabólicas-difusas constituyen un grupo muy variado de causas que provocan la pérdida irreversible de las funciones del encéfalo a través de diversos mecanismos bioquímicos y fisiopatológicos. No obstante, las etiologías descritas provocan la ausencia irreversible del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, que es la causa final que da lugar a la destrucción de las estructuras intracraneales. Aunque la muerte encefálica se basa en un diagnóstico clínico, el conocimiento de la fisiopatología de este estado permite estudiar los posibles mecanismos que llevan a que un enfermo evolucione hacia una muerte encefálica, lo que da la certeza acerca de la irreversibilidad de este diagnóstico.


Encephalic death is bases on a clinical diagnosis and it is accepted like a synonym of subject death. The person arrives to this stage when a catastrophic lesion provokes an irreversible coma with a lack of reflexes from the encephalic trunk and apnea. The encephalic death is defined like an irreversible loss of all encephalon including the brain hemispheres and the encephalic trunk. The different causes of irreversible loss of encephalon functions are the same described provoking a coma, which are grouped in: structural and diffuse-metabolic multifocal. The structural causes are subdivided in compressive and destructives. The compressive ones cause space problems in intracranial cavity leading to an increase of intracranial pressure and herniations. The destructive ones leading to encephalic death affect the diencephalon, the encephalic trunk and brain hemispheres. Diffuse-metabolic multifocal etiologies are a very varied group of causes provoking the irreversible loss of encephalon functions through diverse biochemical and physiopathologic mechanisms. However, the etiologies described provoke the irreversible lack of brain blood flux the final cause leading to destruction of intracranial structures. Although the encephalic death is based on a clinical diagnosis, knowledge of physiopathology of this status allows to study the potential mechanisms leading to a patient evolve to an encephalic death and be certain that there is a irreversibility of this diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebrum/blood supply , Hypoxia, Brain , Brain Death/physiopathology
8.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 11(46)Oct. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574246

ABSTRACT

Contexto del problema. El Síndrome de Déficit Atencional (SDA) del adulto es un trastorno de difícil diagnóstico y cuyo oportuno reconocimiento y tratamiento puede impactar significativamente la calidad de vida de quienes lo padecen. La ausencia de pruebas diagnósticas concluyentes justifica la utilización de técnicas de neuro-imagen cerebral funcional en la investigación dirigida a reconocer patrones neuro-funcionales de valor diagnóstico. Objetivo. Realizar una descripción de los hallazgos neuro-funcionales encontrados en una cohorte de 23 pacientes adultos con SDA en estado de reposo a partir de la técnica de neuro-SPECT. A partir de estos hallazgos se proponen patrones neuro-funcionales con significado diagnóstico. Método. Se estudió una muestra aleatoria de 23 adultos (hombres: 17; mujeres: 6) con diagnóstico clínico de SDA tratados en la práctica privada. La muestra fue estudiada a través de la técnica de SPECT cerebral, analizándose 58 áreas de Brodmann, regiones de interés (ROI), incluyendo corteza cerebral y estructuras sub-corticales. Resultados. En el análisis de perfusión máxima cortical destaca la hiper-perfusión bilateral de las áreas 9, 10, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24 y 31 de Brodmann. En el análisis de mínimos se aprecia hipo-perfusión en áreas 4,11, 12, 18, 19 y 36 bilateral y 20 a izquierda. Al evaluar los valores promedios se observa hipo-perfusión en el área 24 izquierda y 25 bilateral. A nivel de estructuras sub-corticales destaca una hiper-perfusión talámica bilateral. Conclusiones. Los resultados reportados por nuestro grupo apoyan el rol de estructuras que se encuentran fuera del córtex frontal en la patogenia del SDA; especialmente el área que comprende la intersección de los lóbulos temporo-occipital, así como regiones parietales. Se discute el valor clínico de la hiper-perfusión frontal media como parte de un “default mode” y las implicancias que esto tendría como modelo...


Clinical Problem Context. The Attention Deficit Syndrome (ADS) in the adult is a clinical entity of difficult diagnosis and with a rewarding improvement of quality of life when this entity is diagnosed and treated successfully. There is an absence of diagnostic tests and therefore there is full justification for research applications for Functional NeuroIMaging techniques in ADS. Objectives. We report functional imaging findings by means of HMPAO NeuroSPECT in a group of 23 adult SDA patients. These findings submit diagnostic Neuroimaging functional patterns that are characteristic of adult SDA. Method. We report results in a group of 23 adult patients (17 males and 6 females) with clinical diagnosis of SDA. Patients were subjected to NeuroSPECT imaging and 58 Brodmann areas ROIS were analyzed including cortex and subcortical structures. Results. Analisis of MAXIMAL perfusion within the Brodmann Area (2.5 percent higher pixel counts, expressed as percent of higher pixel in cortex or cerebellum, whichever was smaller) demonstrates bilateral focal hyperperfusión in areas 9,10, 17,18,22,23,24 and 31 of Brodmann. In the analysis of MINIMAL values (2.5 percent minimal values within the Brodmann area) there is bilateral focal hypoperfusion in areas 4,11,12,18,19, and 36 and area 20 left. MEAN uptake in these Broadmann areas was diminished in area 24 left and bilateral areas 25. In the subcortical structures there is bilateral thalamic hyperperfusión. Conclusions. Our results support the concept of the role of structures outside of the cerebral frontal cortex in the pathogenie of SDA. We refer to areas in the intersection of temporo-occipital lobes and also the parietal lobes. We analyzed the clinical weight of medial frontal hyperperfusión as part of the default mode, and the explanation that this model might have in the variance of neuropsychological performances observed in these patients...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Cerebrum , Cerebrum/blood supply
9.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 11(45)July 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574195

ABSTRACT

Durante los últimos años la imagenología funcional representada por NeuroSpect se ha ido incorporando progresivamente al diagnóstico diferencial de las patologías psiquiátricas, especialmente trastornos del ánimo, psicosis, esquizofrenia, los trastornos cognitivos, enfermedad de Alzheimer, el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, el déficit atencional y sobre todo los efectos cerebrales de neurotóxicos. En esta revisión publicaremos y comentaremos inicialmente los hallazgos en el infarto cerebral hiperagudo, durante y post su tratamiento mediante trombolisis arterial, como una forma de demostrar la sensibilidad y especificidad de NeuroSPECT en el trabajo clinico.. Sobre metodología comentaremos especialmente que efectuamos una doble reconstrucción de las imágenes, una sin corrección de atenuación para las imágenes laterales, anterior-posterior y la imagen superior de la corteza cerebral y una segunda reconstrucción con corrección de atenuación con un coeficiente de Chang de 0.1 y que aplicamos en las imágenes parasagitales y en la imagen inferior del cerebro, al cual además removemos el cerebelo con objeto de poder inspeccionar con facilidad los aspectos inferiores de los lóbulos occipitales y temporales; igualmente esta modalidad se emplea para el estudio de los ganglios basales. El software que empleamos, es el software OASIS de la compañía Segami Corporation USA. Las imagenes son adquiridas con un Sistema ECAM de dos cabezales Siemens Corp. y los resultados son comparados con una base de datos normales para el mismo grupo etario y los resultados entonces demostrados con una escala de colores calibrada en Desviacion Standard sobre y bajo el rango normal que aparece en color gris.


During the last years, functional imaging by means of Neuro SPECT has been progressively incorporated to the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, , Alzheimer’s Disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder, and brain effects of neurotoxic exposure. This review will be initiated evaluating the findings in brain hyperacute infarction before and post arterial thrombolisis treatment in order to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of this imaging modality in clinical work. On methodology, we have to comment, furthermore, that we perform double image reconstruction, one without attenuation correction for the lateral images, posterior and anterior images and the superior image of the brain cortex. A second reconstruction is performed with attentuation corection by means of a Chang coefficient of 0.1, This is applied to the parasagital images and to the inferior image of the brain. In this last image, we remove the cerebellum in order to facilitate inspection of the inferior aspects of occipital and temporal lobes. We apply this modality also for the study of basal ganglia. The software that we have used is the Oasis Software of the Segami corporation of USA and brain imaging is performed by means of the Ecam Dual Head Siemens camera. We compare the clinical data with a normal, age matched database and display the results using a color scale defined by Standard Deviation below and above the normal mean for HMPAO Tc99m, while the normal range is depicted in color gray.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebral Infarction , Psychiatry/methods , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Mental Disorders , Cerebrum , Cerebrum/blood supply , Depression , Diagnosis, Differential , Alzheimer Disease , Schizophrenia , Neurotoxins/adverse effects , Bipolar Disorder , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Cognition Disorders
10.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 11(44)apr. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-522226

ABSTRACT

Several substances may produce brain perfusion abnormalities in drug-dependent patients. Their mechanism is unclear and several causes might be involved, especially vasospasm in cocaine consumption. Goal: To characterize residual brain perfusion abnormalities in substance-dependent population. We analyzed brain perfusion in 100 dependant patients (DSM-IV criteria) following a month of strict in-hospital abstinence (age:35 +/- 2y.o.; 86 percent men); 55 percent corresponded to poly-drug dependents, mainly to cocaine, alcohol and cannabis; 44 percent mono-drug users, mostly to alcohol. Results: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc-ethylen-cysteinate-dimer (ECD) was abnormal in 54 percent of the cases, with bilateral cortical hypo-perfusion in 89 percent, focal in 54 percent and diffuse in 46 percent of them, with moderate or severe intensity in 61 percent. The abnormal perfusion group’s age was 38 +/- 12 versus 31 +/- 10 years in the normal SPECT group (P=0.005) with a consumption period of 16 +/- 11 versus 11 +/- 8 years, respectively (P=0.043). Only 29 percent of women had abnormal perfusion versus 58 percent of men (P=0.047). Abnormal brain perfusion in 64 percent of mono and 45 percent in poly-drug dependents (P=0.07). Psychometric tests performed in 25 patients demonstrated association between perfusion defects and cognitive abnormalities. Relative risk for abnormal psychometric test was 2.5 [95 percent;CI=1.1-5.6] for abnormal SPECT. Conclusion: Dependent population after a month of abstinence persists with cortical brain perfusion abnormalities, associated to age, sex and type of drug consumption.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Cerebrum , Cerebrum/pathology , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Organotechnetium Compounds , Substance-Related Disorders , Cerebrum/blood supply , Age and Sex Distribution , Prospective Studies , Regional Blood Flow , Psychometrics , Radiopharmaceuticals , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome , Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
11.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 8(32)apr. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-444094

ABSTRACT

Brain perfusion scintigraphy with Tc-99m-exametazime (HMPAO) in a 72-year old woman with mild cognitive and behavioral deterioration showed extracerebral tracer accumulation in lytic bone metastases in the frontal and occipital bone. These were confirmed by MRI and could be related to progression of known bone invasion by breast carcinoma. Uptake of exametazime into extracerebral tumours has been described, but this appears to be the first case reported in breast carcinoma. In vitro work has documented the ability of breast cancer cell lines to accumulate exametazime. Clinically, it is important to realise that extracerebral uptake as seen on brain perfusion SPECT with exametazime can signify bone metastases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Cerebrum , Cerebrum/blood supply , Neoplasm Metastasis , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Bone Neoplasms/etiology , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Occipital Bone/pathology , Radiopharmaceuticals , Mental Disorders/etiology
12.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 41(3): 207-214, maio-jun. 2004. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-404908

ABSTRACT

Estudou-se no primata Cebus apella a anatomia das artérias pericalosas e seus ramos em trinta hemisférios cerebrais dissecados sob lupa injetados com látex corado (Neoprene 450) e fixados em formol a 10 por cento. As artérias pericalosas nos dois antímeros representaram ramos de bifurcação terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica em quatro diferentes arranjos, com ramos distribuídos para as seguintes regiões corticais: fronto polar, um ramo; frontal superior, de um a dois ramos; pré-central, de um a quatro ramos; pós-central, de um a quatro ramos. As atérias contribuíram para vascularizar as regiões pré e pós-central, onde seus ramos se superpuseram aos ramos da artéria inter-hemisférica, demonstrando a importância funcional desta área. Os vasos pericalosos terminaram se distribuindo na região parietal medial do encéfalo deste primata.


Subject(s)
Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Cebus/anatomy & histology , Primates/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/blood supply
13.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 20(3): 181-188, sept.-dec. 2003. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-413794

ABSTRACT

Thirty epecimens of the pampas fox (Dusicyon gymnocercus) were injected with Neoprene latex to study the distribution of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and their derived vessels, on the ventral surface of the brain. The internal carotid artery and ist rostral and caudal branches were single on both sides in all cases, as was the right middlle cerebal artery; the corresponding left artery was single in 96.7 por cento of the cases and double in 3.3 por cento. The right rostral cerebral artery was single in all cases, and single (96.7 por cento)or absent (3.3 por cento) on the left. The rostral communicating artery was present in 96.7 por cento and absent in 3.3 por cento while the right caudal cerebal artery was sigle in 86.7 por cento and doublein 13.3 por cento but only single on the left. The basilar arterywas single in all cases. The cerebal arterial circle was closed rostrally in 96.7 por cento of the cases and pen in 3.3 por cento but was closed caudally in all animals. The encephalon blood supply was derived principally from the carotid system, but also from the complementary vertebral-basilar system.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Cerebrum/blood supply , Foxes , Spine , Intracranial Arterial Diseases
14.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 6(22)oct. 2003. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-385320

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se aborda la cuantificación relativa del flujo sanguíneo cerebral (FSC) mediante SPECT y cómo mejorar dicha cuantificación con la tecnología existente en nuestro país. Se demuestra que esta cuantificación se puede mejorar por dos vías: mejorando la resolución espacial tomográfica; y generalizando el método de cuantificación relativa que utiliza al cerebelo como región de referencia, considerada la mejor región para el proceso de normalización de las imágenes de SPECT. Con este fin, se desarrollaron y validaron dos métodos. El primer método permite mejorar la resolución espacial en un 18 por ciento, la cual es significativa para aquellos sistemas que no pueden ser modernizados con los más recientes avances tecnológicos. El segundo método consiste en un procedimiento de cuantificación relativa basado en un hecho fisiológico encontrado por los autores no reportado anteriormente. A partir de este hallazgo se define un nuevo valor de referencia, el "Pseudocerebelo", que permite generalizar al cerebelo como región de referencia, aplicable incluso a pacientes con hipoperfusión cerebelosa. Esta experiencia puede ser de utilidad en gran parte de América Latina, teniendo en cuenta que existen condiciones similares desde el punto de vista tecnológico.


Subject(s)
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Cerebrum , Cerebrum/blood supply , Regional Blood Flow , Radiopharmaceuticals
15.
Rev. bras. neurol ; 38(2/3): 17-25, out. 2002. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-386250

ABSTRACT

Foi realizada uma pesquisa na MEDLINE, buscando artigos relacionados à aplicação da hipotermia no acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico, em animais e em humanos. Os estudos foram agrupados de acordo as variáveis analisadas pelos autores: início, duração, nível da hipotermia e capacidade de neuroproteção. Dos estudos encontrados na literatura, foram selecionados 76 artigos, sendo que 13 estudos clínicos e 63 trabalhos experimentais. Dos trabalhos experimentais 95 por cento demonstraram algum grau de neuroproteção, enquanto que nos estudos clínicos 3 de 4 artigos obtiveram resultados discretos de proteção. Os resultados da análise da literatura sugerem que a hipotermia na lesão isquêmica cerebral de animais promove neuroproteção quando aplicada precocemente e de maneira prolongada. Em humanos a hipotermia moderada foi bem tolerada pelos pacientes, com resultados satisfatório, ou seja, algum grau de neuroproteção foi obtido, entretanto espera-se novos trabalhos prospectivos e randomizados a fim de se indicar a hipotermia como rotina para os pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Body Temperature , Brain Ischemia , Cerebrum/blood supply , Hypothermia, Induced
16.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 18(2): 103-110, jul.-dez. 2001. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-322549

ABSTRACT

Thirty specimens of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris were injected with neoprene latex in order to study the distribution of vessels which compose the vertebro-basilar system and its derived branches in the encephalon. The right and left vertebral arteries anastomosed on the ventral surface of the encephalon to form the basilar artery, which gave rise to the caudal cerebellar (left and right, double and single) and middle cerebellar (both antimeres, single and double) s collaterals. The basilar artery splits into right and left terminal branches which gave rise to a series of arteries which included the rostral cerebellar arteries (right antimere, double and single; left antimere, double, single and triple), the caudal cerebral arteries (double, single and triple in both antimeres), the internal ophthalmic arteries (single in both antimeres), and the middle cerebral artery (single in the right antimere in all specimens and single and double in the left antimere). The ending branches of the terminal branches of the basilar artery were the rostral cerebral arteries (single or absent in both antimeres) with a rostral communicating artery (single or absent) between them. The arterial circle was derived solely from the vertebro-basilar system, since internal carotid arteries were absent in adults. The circle was closed rostrally in 90 percent of the specimens and open in 10 percent. In all cases, there was anastomosis of the circle with maxillary artery.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Rodentia , Cerebrum/blood supply
19.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 23(2): 71-78, jun. 2001. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-316760

ABSTRACT

Introduçäo: Estudos que utilizam as técnicas de PET, SPECT e ressonância magnética funcional têm permitido o mapeamento dos circuitos cerebrais ativados durante diversas tarefas cognitivas. O campo da memória declarativa tem sido um dos mais intensamente estudados. No presente estudo, usa-se a técnica de mapeamento do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral regional (FSCr) por SPECT para investigar mudanças na atividade cerebral durante uma tarefa de memória episódica, em voluntários idosos sadios (n=15). Métodos: Duas avaliações de SPECT foram realizadas na mesma sessäo, usando a técnica de dose dividida do traçador 99 m-Tc-HMPAO. Medidas de FSCr foram registradas durante uma tarefa de reconhecimento de material verbal previamente aprendido e durante uma tarefa-controle mais simples. Comparações de FSCr foram realizadas automaticamente, utilizando o programa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). Resultados: Observou-se o aumento de FSCr durante a tarefa de memória em várias regiões cerebrais, incluindo: córtex pré-frontal lateral bilateralmente (mais acentuadamente à esquerda); porções posteriores e mediais de córtex parieto-occipital à esquerda; hemisférios cerebelares bilateralmente; e córtex temporal lateral bilateralmente (p<0,001, näo corrigido para comparações múltiplas). Foram observados também focos inesperados de diminuiçäo de FSCr em cíngulo posterior direito, córtex orbitofrontal esquerdo, córtex temporal inferior direito e vérmis cerebelar esquerdo (p>0,05, corrigido para comparações múltiplas). Conclusäo: Esses resultados sugerem que circuitos neuronais multifocais säo engajados durante memória de reconhecimento e replicam localizações cerebrais descritas anteriormente na literatura. O uso desse protocolo em pacientes com transtornos neuropsiquiátricos poderá permitir a investigaçäo de anormalidades cerebrais subjacentes aos déficits de memória presentes nesses transtornos


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Memory , Cognition , Cerebrum/blood supply , Regional Blood Flow
20.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 22(2): 42-50, jun. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-270345

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Nos últimos anos, tem havido relatos de anormalidades do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral em indivíduos com o abuso de cocaína, detectadas por meio de tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT). Esse padrão anormal de pertubação cerebral tem sido associados a prejuízos cognitivos mas não a alterações observáveis por meio de exames de neuroimagem estrutural. Um problema envolvendo a maioria dos trabalhos publicados sobre esse tema é a inclusão de um grande número de usuários de heroína nas amostras estudadas. Essa outra droga também parece afetar o padrão de pertubação cerebral, particularmente durante estados de abstinência. Métodos: Quatorze pacientes dependentes de cocaína (nenhum com abuso de opióides) e 14 voluntários normais (grupo controle) foram submetidos a exames de SPECT com dímero de etil-cisteína marcado com tecnécio-99m. A análise dos exames de SPECT foi realizada por meio de análise visual qualitativa das imagens obtidas (procedimento padrão na prática clínica), realizada por um radiologista não informado sobre o diagnóstico dos indivíduos avaliados. Resultados: A análise visual revelou um padrão sugestivo de irregularidades do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral em nove pacientes, mas em apenas dois controles (p=0,018: teste exato de Fisher bicaudal). Conclusões: Anormalidades de circulação cerebral podem ter relação com prejuízos cognitivos relatados em populações de dependentes de cocaína. Embora déficits de perfusão cerebral associados ao uso de cocaína possam ser irreversíveis, têm surgido relatos na literatura de tratamentos para essas anormalidades de fluxo sanguíneo. Alterações de fluxo sanguíneo cerebral associadas à dependência de cocaína ocorrem mesmo na ausência de abuso ou dependência de opióides


Subject(s)
Cerebrum/blood supply , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Cocaine , Crack Cocaine , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Cocaine-Related Disorders
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